A growing body of research taking a life course perspective-alternatively known as the long arm of childhood, early-life origins of disease, and the developmental origins of health and disease-has shown that early-life exposure to adverse social and environmental conditions can have a dramatic impact on multiple dimensions of health across the life course ( Haas 2008 Hayward and Gorman 2004). The life course has become a dominant theoretical paradigm with which to understand individual and population health. Overall, this study emphasizes that the timing of exposure is critical to understanding the long-term health effects of war. These pathways include stunted socioeconomic attainment, increased risk behaviors, and poorer mental health. Conversely, cohorts born before the war experienced more indirect pathways consistent with cumulative disadvantage processes and institutional breakdown. Consistent with a latent critical period process, children born during the war experienced increased risk of poor health and illness in childhood, as well as adult cardiometabolic conditions and poor functional health. The pathways also vary the timing of exposure. We find that cohorts born during the war show the largest negative effects of exposure on health in later life. Utilizing the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe, we examine cohorts of children during World War II. This paper examines how the timing of childhood exposure to armed conflict influences both the magnitude of the impact it has on later-life health and the pathways through which those impacts manifest.
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